adhd dsm 5 criteria

3 min read 14-03-2025

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting focus, attention, and behavior. Diagnosing ADHD requires meeting specific criteria outlined in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition), the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals. This article details those criteria and provides crucial context for understanding ADHD.

DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD: Inattentive, Hyperactive-Impulsive, and Combined Presentations

The DSM-5 defines ADHD through a combination of inattentive and/or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Individuals must exhibit a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. There are three presentations:

Inattentive Presentation

To receive a diagnosis of the inattentive presentation of ADHD, an individual must show six or more of the following symptoms for at least six months, to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and negatively impacts social or academic/occupational areas:

Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions).
Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework).
Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, or mobile phones).
Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
Is often forgetful in daily activities.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation

For a diagnosis of the hyperactive-impulsive presentation, an individual must display six or more of the following symptoms for at least six months, to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and negatively impacts social or academic/occupational areas:

Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat.
Often leaves seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations where it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness).
Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly.
Is often "on the go" acting as if "driven by a motor".
Often talks excessively.
Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed.
Often has difficulty waiting their turn.
Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).

Combined Presentation

The combined presentation encompasses symptoms from both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive categories. A diagnosis of combined presentation requires meeting the criteria for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive presentations.

Additional DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD Diagnosis

Beyond the symptom checklists, several other criteria must be met for a formal ADHD diagnosis:

Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present before age 12 years. While symptoms may change over time, the underlying condition often manifests early.
Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present in two or more settings (e.g., at home, school, or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities). The symptoms shouldn't be isolated to just one environment.
There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning. The symptoms must cause significant impairment.
The symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder. A comprehensive evaluation is needed to rule out other conditions.

Seeking a Diagnosis

A diagnosis of ADHD should only be made by a qualified healthcare professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or pediatrician specializing in developmental disorders. They will conduct a thorough assessment, considering the individual's history, symptoms, and other factors. Diagnosis isn't based solely on a checklist but also involves a clinical judgment considering the entire context of the individual's life. Self-diagnosis should be avoided, as many other conditions can present similar symptoms.

Treatment and Management of ADHD

Effective management of ADHD typically involves a combination of approaches, potentially including medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. Behavioral therapy, parent training, and educational interventions can significantly improve outcomes. The specific treatment plan is tailored to the individual's needs and should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for any concerns regarding your health or the health of others.